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Despite the absence of any clinically detectable odor, physicians and surgeons may embark on unnecessary investigations (e.g. gastroscopy), [11] and treatments, including surgical procedures such as thoracic sympathectomy, tonsillectomy, or others. Such treatments generally have no long-term effect on the individual's belief in an odor symptom. [1]
The cause of dysosmia still remains a theory. It is typically considered a neurological disorder and clinical associations with the disorder have been made. [ 3 ] Most cases are described as idiopathic and the main antecedents related to parosmia are URTIs , head trauma , and nasal and paranasal sinus disease. [ 4 ]
[5] [13] [14] It is not known if depression is a cause or result of BMS, as depression may develop in any setting of constant unrelieved irritation, pain, and sleep disturbance. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] [ 15 ] It is estimated that about 20% of BMS cases involve psychogenic factors , [ 14 ] and some consider BMS a psychosomatic illness , [ 5 ] [ 13 ] caused ...
Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present. [1] It can result in anxiety among those affected. [1] It is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder.
On the study, the effect of odor on cardiac response patterns was investigated on human subjects during a period of two-stimulus paradigm in a simple reaction time task. During the experiment changes in the cardiac response pattern were obvious and heart rate deceleration reflecting the process of anticipation or attention.
Smell as evidence of disease has been long used, dating back to Hippocrates around 400 years BCE. [1] It is still employed with a focus on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in body odor. [ 2 ] VOCs are carbon-based molecular groups having a low molecular weight, secreted during cells' metabolic processes. [ 3 ]
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