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In microeconomics, economies of density are cost savings resulting from spatial proximity of suppliers or providers. Typically higher population densities allow synergies in service provision leading to lower unit costs. [1] If large economies of density exist there is an incentive for firms to concentrate and agglomerate. [2]
[2] [3] Subsequent work has derived the model under other assumptions such as scramble competition, [4] within-year resource limited competition [5] or even as the outcome of source-sink Malthusian patches linked by density-dependent dispersal. [6] [7] The Ricker model is a limiting case of the Hassell model [5] which takes the form
Above this point, density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity. At this point, there are no surplus individuals to be harvested and yield drops to zero. The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield.
Density-dependent fecundity. Density-dependent fecundity exists, where the birth rate falls as competition increases. In the context of gastrointestinal nematodes, the weight of female Ascaris lumbricoides and its rates of egg production decrease as host infection intensity increases.
A variable is considered dependent if it depends on an independent variable. Dependent variables are studied under the supposition or demand that they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on the values of other variables. Independent variables, in turn, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of ...
The generally accepted definition of Allee effect is positive density dependence, or the positive correlation between population density and individual fitness. It is sometimes referred to as "undercrowding" and it is analogous (or even considered synonymous by some) to " depensation " in the field of fishery sciences .
GDP density refers to the distribution or intensity of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) within a particular area or population. GDP density could be interpreted as a measure of economic activity or output relative to the size of a region or population, often expressed as GDP per capita or GDP per unit of area.
Mutual information is a measure of the inherent dependence expressed in the joint distribution of and relative to the marginal distribution of and under the assumption of independence. Mutual information therefore measures dependence in the following sense: I ( X ; Y ) = 0 {\displaystyle \operatorname {I} (X;Y)=0} if and only if X ...