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  2. Line-of-sight propagation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation

    Line of sight (LoS) propagation from an antenna. Line-of-sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation which means waves can only travel in a direct visual path from the source to the receiver without obstacles. [1] Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions traveling in a straight line.

  3. Line of sight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_sight

    Line-of-sight fire, shooting directly at a visible target on a relatively flat trajectory. The target is in the line of sight of the sighting device and the rifleman's rule applies. Line-of-sight range; Line-of-sight (missile), the straight line between the missile and the target; Radar horizon

  4. Free-space path loss - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_loss

    In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]

  5. Two-ray ground-reflection model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-ray_ground-reflection...

    From the figure the received line of sight component may be written as = {() /}and the ground reflected component may be written as = {() (+ ′) / + ′}where () is the transmitted signal, is the length of the direct line-of-sight (LOS) ray, + ′ is the length of the ground-reflected ray, is the combined antenna gain along the LOS path, is the combined antenna gain along the ground-reflected ...

  6. Link budget - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_budget

    Older buildings may have even greater internal losses than new buildings due to materials and line of sight issues. Experience has shown that line-of-sight propagation holds only for about the first 3 meters. Beyond 3 meters propagation losses indoors can increase at up to 30 dB per 30 meters in dense office environments.

  7. Limb darkening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_darkening

    The light seen is approximately the integral of all emission along the line of sight modulated by the optical depth to the viewer (i.e. 1/e times the emission at 1 optical depth, 1/e 2 times the emission at 2 optical depths, etc.). Near the center of the star, optical depth is effectively infinite, causing approximately constant brightness.

  8. Optical communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication

    Free-space optics (FSO) systems are employed for 'last mile' telecommunications and can function over distances of several kilometers as long as there is a clear line of sight between the source and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably decode the transmitted information. [25]

  9. Celestial navigation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigation

    A diagram of a typical nautical sextant, a tool used in celestial navigation to measure the angle between two objects viewed by means of its optical sight. Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is the practice of position fixing using stars and other celestial bodies that enables a navigator to accurately determine their actual current physical position in space or on the ...