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The data resembled what the other psychologists had found. All three mental abilities correlated highly with one another, and evidence that one basic factor, g, was the primary influence. [2] Not all psychologists agreed with Spearman and his general intelligence. In 1916, [3] Godfrey Thomson wrote a paper criticizing Spearman's g:
The terms IQ, general intelligence, general cognitive ability, general mental ability, and simply intelligence are often used interchangeably to refer to this common core shared by cognitive tests. [2] However, the g factor itself is a mathematical construct indicating the level of observed correlation between cognitive tasks. [3]
The book traces the origins of the idea of individual differences in general mental ability to 19th century researchers Herbert Spencer and Francis Galton. Charles Spearman is credited for inventing factor analysis in the early 20th century, which enabled statistical testing of the hypothesis that general mental ability is required in all mental efforts.
The three-stratum theory is a theory of cognitive ability proposed by the American psychologist John Carroll in 1993. [1] [2] It is based on a factor-analytic study of the correlation of individual-difference variables from data such as psychological tests, school marks and competence ratings from more than 460 datasets.
Quantitative knowledge (Gq): is the ability to comprehend quantitative concepts and relationships and to manipulate numerical symbols. [11] Reading & Writing Ability (Grw): includes basic reading and writing skills. Short-Term Memory (Gsm): is the ability to apprehend and hold information in immediate awareness and then use it within a few seconds.
Reading & writing ability (Grw): includes basic reading and writing skills. Short-term memory (Gsm): is the ability to apprehend and hold information in immediate awareness and then use it within a few seconds. Long-term storage and retrieval (Glr): is the ability to store information and fluently retrieve it later in the process of thinking.
The concepts of fluid intelligence (g f) and crystallized intelligence (g c) were introduced in 1943 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. [1] [2] [3] According to Cattell's psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence (g) is subdivided into g f and g c.
Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies is a 1993 book by psychologist John B. Carroll. It provides an overview of psychometric research using factor analysis to study human intelligence. It has proven highly influential in subsequent intelligence research; in 2009, Kevin McGrew described it as a "seminal treatise". The ...