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Bohr model in 1921 [4] after Sommerfeld expansion of 1913 model showing maximum electrons per shell with shells labeled in X-ray notation. Until the second decade of the 20th century, atomic models were generally speculative. Even the concept of atoms, let alone atoms with internal structure, faced opposition from some scientists. [5]: 2
In 1913, Niels Bohr displayed rudiments of the later defined correspondence principle and used it to formulate a model of the hydrogen atom which explained its line spectrum. In the next few years Arnold Sommerfeld extended the quantum rule to arbitrary integrable systems making use of the principle of adiabatic invariance of the quantum ...
[11] [12] Niels Bohr quoted him in his 1913 paper of the Bohr model of the atom. [13] 1912 – Victor Hess discovers the existence of cosmic radiation. 1912 – Henri Poincaré publishes an influential mathematical argument in support of the essential nature of energy quanta. [14] [15] 1913:
1913 – Niels Bohr publishes the Bohr model of the atom, which explains the spectral lines, and definitively established the quantum mechanics behaviour of the matter. [ 85 ] 1915 – Robert Innes discovers Proxima Centauri , the closest star to Earth after the Sun. [ 86 ]
1911 – Ernest Rutherford: Discovery of the atomic nucleus (Rutherford model) 1911 – Kamerlingh Onnes: Superconductivity; 1912 - Victor Francis Hess: Cosmic rays; 1913 – Niels Bohr: Bohr model of the atom; 1915 – Albert Einstein: General relativity; 1915 – Emmy Noether: Noether's theorem relates symmetries to conservation laws.
Niels Bohr's 1913 quantum model of the hydrogen atom. In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a new model of the atom that included quantized electron orbits: electrons still orbit the nucleus much as planets orbit around the Sun, but they are permitted to inhabit only certain orbits, not to orbit at any arbitrary distance. [18]
[9] [10] Niels Bohr quoted him in his 1913 paper of the Bohr model of the atom. [11] In 1913, Niels Bohr displayed rudiments of the later defined correspondence principle and used it to formulate a model of the hydrogen atom which explained the line spectrum.
Bohr Model of the Atom. The Bohr model, proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913, is a revolutionary theory describing the structure of the hydrogen atom. It introduced the idea of quantized orbits for electrons, combining classical and quantum physics. Key Postulates of the Bohr Model. 1.Electrons Move in Circular Orbits: