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Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). [1]
This enzyme has been studied primarily in plants, but it has been studied in some bacteria as well. [1] It is a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis and photosynthesis that is responsible for reversing the reaction performed by pyruvate kinase in Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolysis. It should not be confused with pyruvate, water dikinase.
Insulin and glucagon are the primary hormones involved in maintaining a steady level of glucose in the blood, and the release of each is controlled by the amount of nutrients currently available. [17] The amount of insulin released in the blood and sensitivity of the cells to the insulin both determine the amount of glucose that cells break ...
Glycolysis results in the breakdown of glucose, but several reactions in the glycolysis pathway are reversible and participate in the re-synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis). [9] Glycolysis was the first metabolic pathway discovered: As glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated by ATP to glucose 6-phosphate in the irreversible ...
Photosystem II (of cyanobacteria and green plants) is composed of around 20 subunits (depending on the organism) as well as other accessory, light-harvesting proteins. Each photosystem II contains at least 99 cofactors: 35 chlorophyll a, 12 beta-carotene , two pheophytin , two plastoquinone , two heme , one bicarbonate, 20 lipids, the Mn
Phosphorylation initiates the reaction in step 1 of the preparatory step [5] (first half of glycolysis), and initiates step 6 of payoff phase (second phase of glycolysis). [6] Glucose, by nature, is a small molecule with the ability to diffuse in and out of the cell.
Enolase is a highly conserved enzyme with five active-site residues being especially important for activity. When compared to wild-type enolase, a mutant enolase that differs at either the Glu 168 , Glu 211 , Lys 345 , or Lys 396 residue has an activity level that is cut by a factor of 105. [ 3 ]
In photophosphorylation, light energy is used to pump protons across a biological membrane, mediated by flow of electrons through an electron transport chain. This stores energy in a proton gradient. As the protons flow back through an enzyme called ATP synthase, ATP is generated from ADP and inorganic