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A jirga (Pashto: جرګه, jərga) is an assembly of leaders that makes decisions by consensus according to Pashtunwali, the Pashtun social code. It is conducted in order to settle disputes among the Pashtuns, but also by members of other ethnic groups who are influenced by them in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act; Long title: To address the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery in the United States and the 13 American colonies between 1619 and 1865 and to establish a commission to study and consider a national apology and proposal for reparations for the institution of slavery, its subsequent ...
Reparation (legal), the legal philosophy Reparations (transitional justice) , measures taken by the state to redress gross and systematic violations of human rights law or humanitarian law Reparations for slavery , proposed compensation for the Atlantic slave trade, to assist the descendants of enslaved peoples
Reparations are broadly understood as compensation given for an abuse or injury. [1] The colloquial meaning of reparations has changed substantively over the last century. In the early 1900s, reparations were interstate exchanges (see war reparations) that were punitive mechanisms determined by treaty and paid by the surrendering side of a conflict, such as the World War I reparations paid by ...
The principle of reparation dates back to the lex talionis of Hebrew Scripture. Anglo-Saxon courts in England before the Norman conquest also contained this principle. Under the English legal system judges must consider making a compensation order as part of the sentence for a crime.
It promptly approved a plan for the apportionment of Austrian-Hungarian debt to the successor states that had been proposed by Ludwig von Mises, [2] and its remit was broadened to reparations by other central powers, namely Austria (by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye), Bulgaria (treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine), and Hungary (Treaty of Trianon).
The response of man is to be reparation through adoration, prayer, and sacrifice. In Roman Catholic tradition, an act of reparation is a prayer or devotion with the intent to expiate the "sins of others", e.g. for the repair of the sin of blasphemy, the sufferings of Jesus Christ or as Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary.
War reparations are often governed by treaties which belligerent parties negotiate as part of a peace settlement. [1] Payment of reparations often occur as part of a condition to remove occupying troops or under the threat of re-occupation. [1] The legal basis for war reparations in modern international law is Article 3 of the Hague Convention ...