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Women in Plymouth, England, parting from their lovers who are about to be transported to Botany Bay, 1792. Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination.
The Piracy Act 1717 (4 Geo. 1.c. 11), sometimes called the Transportation Act 1717 or the Felons' Act 1717 (1718 in New Style [2]), [3] was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that established a regulated, bonded system to transport criminals to colonies in North America for indentured service, as a punishment for those convicted or attainted in Great Britain, excluding Scotland.
This convict transportation began in 1718 following the passing of a Transportation Act by the British Parliament in 1717. The transportation continued until 1775, when the American Revolutionary War halted the practice. Also, Ekirch explores the various roles played by England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland in this convict trade. [1] [3]
The continuation of transportation to Van Diemen's Land saw the rise of a well-coordinated anti-transportation movement, especially following a severe economic depression in the early 1840s. Transportation was temporarily suspended in 1846 but soon revived with overcrowding of British gaols and clamour for the availability of transportation as ...
Some criminals could escape transportation if they agreed to join the British Army. Jurist William Blackstone said of the Bloody Code: It is a melancholy truth, that among the variety of actions which men are daily liable to commit, no less than a hundred and sixty have been declared by Act of Parliament to be felonious without benefit of ...
In 1798 the hulks held more than 1,400 out of about 1,900 people waiting for transportation to Australia. Most British prison hulks were decommissioned in the 19th century, although suspected and convicted criminals are still confined aboard ships on occasion for various reasons.
Criminal cases in England and Wales are usually brought by the Crown Prosecution Service, with the the crown acting as the prosecuting party. (Case names reflect this: a case against Mr Smith would be styled R v Smith , with R being short for Rex or Regina, that is, the King or Queen , and the v standing for "versus".)
Concealing evidence, contrary to section 5(1) of the Criminal Law Act 1967; Contempt of court a.k.a. criminal contempt; Intimidation, contrary to section 51(1) of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994; Taking or threatening to take revenge, contrary to section 51(2) of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994