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Biological interactions range from mutualism, beneficial to both partners, to competition, harmful to both partners. Interactions can be direct when physical contact is established or indirect, through intermediaries such as shared resources, territories, ecological services, metabolic waste, toxins or growth inhibitors.
Symbionts forming a single body live in conjunctive symbiosis, while all other arrangements are called disjunctive symbiosis. [4] When one organism lives on the surface of another, such as head lice on humans, it is called ectosymbiosis ; when one partner lives inside the tissues of another, such as Symbiodinium within coral , it is termed ...
One Health Triad [1] The concept of One Health is the unity of multiple practices that work together locally, nationally, and globally to help achieve optimal health for people, animals, and the environment. When the people, animals, and environment are put together they make up the One Health Triad . [2]
Zoochory is the dispersal of the seeds of plants by animals. This is similar to pollination in that the plant produces food resources (for example, fleshy fruit, overabundance of seeds) for animals that disperse the seeds (service). Plants may advertise these resources using colour [17] and a variety of other fruit characteristics, e.g., scent.
Cleaning symbiosis is a relationship between a pair of animals of different species, involving the removal and subsequent ingestion of ectoparasites, diseased and injured tissue, and unwanted food items from the surface of the host organism (the client) by the cleaning organism (the cleaner). [5]
Animals that practice group-living often benefit from assistance in parasite removal, access to more mates, and conservation of energy in foraging. [50] Initially, the most obvious form of animal cooperation was kin selection , but more recent studies focus on non-kin cooperation, where benefits may seem less obvious.
Heralded as the world's largest rodents, the South American rainforest natives can actually weigh as much as a full grown man.. But despite the fact that they apparently like to eat their own dung ...
Close to ninety percent [3] of known avian species are monogamous, compared to five percent of known mammalian species.The majority of monogamous avians form long-term pair bonds which typically result in seasonal mating: these species breed with a single partner, raise their young, and then pair up with a new mate to repeat the cycle during the next season.