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Another form of dualism in Hindu philosophy is found in the Dvaita ("dualism") Vedanta school, which regards God and the world as two realities with distinct essences; this is a form of theistic dualism. By contrast, schools such as Advaita ("nondualism") Vedanta embrace nondualism or absolute monism, regarding dualism as an illusion .
Dvaita (द्वैत) is a Sanskrit word that means "duality, dualism". [6] The term refers to any premise, particularly in theology on the material and the divine, where two principles (truths) or realities are posited to exist simultaneously and independently.
For example, the Sanskrit Kātyāyanaḥsūtra states that though the world "relies on a duality of existence and non-existence", the Buddha teaches a correct view which understands that: [13] Arising in the world, Kātyayana, seen and correctly understood just as it is, shows there is no non-existence in the world.
Vishishta Advaita, meaning "non-duality with distinctions", is a non-dualistic philosophy that recognizes Brahman as the supreme reality while also acknowledging its multiplicity. This philosophy can be characterized as a form of qualified monism , attributive monism, or qualified non-dualism.
In Vishistadvaita, while Brahman is the supreme reality, the world and souls are its body or modes, making them integral to Brahman. [3] Dvaita and Vishistadvaita considers Saguna Brahman as the ultimate reality and liberation ( moksha ) is attained only by the grace of God . [ 3 ]
[4] [5] In major schools of Hindu philosophy it is the immaterial, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Brahman is a key concept found in the Vedas and is extensively discussed in the early Upanishads [ 7 ] and in Advaita Vedanta literature.
Epistemological dualism, the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain; Ethical dualism, the attribution of good solely to one group of people and evil to another
Hinduism – predominant and indigenous religious tradition of the Indian Subcontinent. [1] Its followers are called Hindus , who refer to it as Sanātana Dharma [ 2 ] ( Sanskrit : सनातनधर्मः , lit.