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The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [14] [15] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
The pBR322 plasmid is one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector. Plasmids with specially-constructed features are commonly used in laboratory for cloning purposes . These plasmid are generally non-conjugative but may have many more features, notably a " multiple cloning site " where multiple restriction enzyme cleavage sites ...
Recombinant insulin is synthesized by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, or yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) [19] which then produces insulin for human use. [20] Insulin produced by E. coli requires further post translational modifications (e.g. glycosylation) whereas yeasts are able to perform these modifications themselves by ...
Molecular cloning takes advantage of the fact that the chemical structure of DNA is fundamentally the same in all living organisms. Therefore, if any segment of DNA from any organism is inserted into a DNA segment containing the molecular sequences required for DNA replication, and the resulting recombinant DNA is introduced into the organism from which the replication sequences were obtained ...
Schematic representation of the pBR322 plasmid, one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector.. A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes. [1]
An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells. The vector is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell's mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene.
The plasmid used in this eight-plasmid system contains three major components that allow for vaccine development. Firstly, the plasmid contains restriction sites that will enable the incorporation of influenza genes into the plasmid. Secondly, the plasmid contains an antibiotic resistance gene, allowing the selection of merely plasmids ...
Research is ongoing over the approach for viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases in humans, as well as for cancers. [4] In August 2021, Indian authorities gave emergency approval to ZyCoV-D . Developed by Cadila Healthcare , it is the first DNA vaccine approved for humans.