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A De Finetti diagram visualizing genotype frequencies as distances to triangle edges x (AA), y (Aa) and z (aa) in a ternary plot. The curved line are the Hardy–Weinberg equilibria . A Punnett square visualizing the genotype frequencies of a Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium as areas of a square.
One way to visualize the similarity between two protein or nucleic acid sequences is to use a similarity matrix, known as a dot plot. These were introduced by Gibbs and McIntyre in 1970 [1] and are two-dimensional matrices that have the sequences of the proteins being compared along the vertical and horizontal axes.
Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene. Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In most organisms, genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene.
For diagrams that do not possess grid lines, the easiest way to determine the values is to determine the shortest (i.e. perpendicular) distances from the point of interest to each of the three sides. By Viviani's theorem , the distances (or the ratios of the distances to the triangle height ) give the value of each component.
Skeletal structural formula of Vitamin B 12. Many organic molecules are too complicated to be specified by a molecular formula. The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure (determined by structural chemistry methods), showing how the atoms are connected to one another. [1]
The allele frequency spectrum can be written as the vector = (,,,,), where is the number of observed sites with derived allele frequency .In this example, the observed allele frequency spectrum is (,,,,), due to four instances of a single observed derived allele at a particular SNP loci, two instances of two derived alleles, and so on.
In order to maintain a standard for Cell and molecular biology articles a standard color scheme should be used. The accepted colors for cellular locations are described in the table. Colors for other components, such as molecules, can be chosen at the discretion of the designer, however, the following should be considered:
This is particularly determined by the number of clones needed to have in a library. The number of clones to get a sampling of all the genes is determined by the size of the organism's genome as well as the average insert size. This is represented by the formula (also known as the Carbon and Clarke formula): [15]