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The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on the membranes of leukocytes including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, cells of the adaptive immunity T cells, and B cells, and non-immune cells (epithelial and endothelial ...
Morphine causes inflammation by binding to the protein lymphocyte antigen 96, which, in turn, causes the protein to bind to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). [109] The morphine-induced TLR4 activation attenuates pain suppression by opioids and enhances the development of opioid tolerance and addiction , drug abuse , and other negative side effects ...
54106 81897 Ensembl ENSG00000239732 ENSMUSG00000045322 UniProt Q9NR96 Q9EQU3 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_138688 NM_017442 NM_031178 RefSeq (protein) NP_059138 NP_112455 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 52.22 – 52.23 Mb Chr 9: 106.1 – 106.1 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene. TLR9 has also been designated as ...
Toll-like receptors were first discovered in Drosophila and trigger the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and activation of other host defense programs that are necessary for both innate or adaptive immune responses. 10 functional members of the TLR family have been described in humans so far. [5]
Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene. [5] TLR2 has also been designated as CD282 ( cluster of differentiation 282). TLR2 is one of the toll-like receptors and plays a role in the immune system .
Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that form the cornerstone of the innate immune system. [5] [6] [7] TLR1 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins and glycolipids in complex with TLR2. TLR1 is a cell surface receptor. [5]
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR3 gene. [5] TLR3 is a member of the toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system .
TLR6 is a transmembrane protein, member of toll-like receptor family, which belongs to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. TLR6 acts in a heterodimer form with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Its ligands include multiple diacyl lipopeptides derived from gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma and several