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Illustration of an activator. In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. [ 1 ][ 2 ] The function of TFs is to regulate—turn on and off—genes in order ...
IC 50 is a quantitative measure that indicates how much of a particular inhibitory substance (e.g. drug) is needed to inhibit, in vitro, a given biological process or biological component by 50%. [1] The biological component could be an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microbe. IC 50 values are typically expressed as molar concentration.
Gene flow is the transfer of alleles from one population to another population through immigration of individuals. In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent ...
Penetrance. Penetrance in genetics is the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant (or allele) of a gene (genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (phenotype). In medical genetics, the penetrance of a disease -causing mutation is the proportion of individuals with the mutation that exhibit clinical symptoms among all ...
Growth factor. A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation. [1] Usually it is a secreted protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
They are cells that support the function of the parenchymal cells of that organ. The most common stromal cells include fibroblasts and pericytes. The term stromal comes from Latin stromat-, "bed covering", and Ancient Greek στρῶμα, strôma, "bed". Stromal cells are an important part of the body's immune response and modulate inflammation ...
In molecular biology, transformation efficiency is a crucial parameter, it is used to evaluate the ability of different methods to introduce plasmid DNA into cells and to compare the efficiency of different plasmid, vectors and host cells. This efficiency can be affected by a number of factors, including the method used for introducing the DNA ...
Bioconcentration. In aquatic toxicology, bioconcentration is the accumulation of a water-borne chemical substance in an organism exposed to the water. [1][2] There are several ways in which to measure and assess bioaccumulation and bioconcentration. These include: octanol-water partition coefficients (K OW), bioconcentration factors (BCF ...