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substitution. Main arene substitution patterns. In ortho-substitution, two substituents occupy positions next to each other, which may be numbered 1 and 2. In the diagram, these positions are marked R and ortho. In meta-substitution the substituents occupy positions 1 and 3 (corresponding to R and meta in the diagram).
The Haworth synthesis is a classic method for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this reaction, an arene is reacted with succinic anhydride, the subsequent product is then reduced in either a Clemmensen reduction or a Wolff-Kishner reduction. Lastly, a second Friedel-Crafts acylation takes place with addition of acid. [27]
Aromatic sulfonation. In organic chemistry, aromatic sulfonation is an organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid (−SO2OH) functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution. [1] Aryl sulfonic acids are used as detergents, dye, and drugs.
In aromatic substitution, one substituent on the arene ring, usually hydrogen, is replaced by another reagent. [5] The two main types are electrophilic aromatic substitution , when the active reagent is an electrophile, and nucleophilic aromatic substitution , when the reagent is a nucleophile.
RXNO:0000021. The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts using copper salts as reagents or catalysts. [1][2][3][4] It is an example of a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The Sandmeyer reaction provides a method through which one can perform unique transformations on benzene ...
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration, aromatic halogenation, aromatic sulfonation, alkylation Friedel–Crafts reaction and ...
Azo coupling. In organic chemistry, an azo coupling is an reaction between a diazonium compound (R−N≡N+) and another aromatic compound that produces an azo compound (R−N=N−R’). In this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, the aryldiazonium cation is the electrophile, and the activated carbon (usually from an arene, which is ...
A large scale application of this method is the production of alkylbenzenesulfonic acids: + In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is an electrophile and the arene is the nucleophile. The reaction is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. [1]