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Projectional radiography, also known as conventional radiography, [1] is a form of radiography and medical imaging that produces two-dimensional images by X-ray radiation.The image acquisition is generally performed by radiographers, and the images are often examined by radiologists.
Additionally, the Ottawa ankle rules indicate whether a foot X-ray series is required. It states that it is indicated if: There is any pain in the midfoot zone; and, Any one of the following: Bone tenderness at the base of the fifth metatarsal (for foot injuries), OR; Bone tenderness at the navicular bone (for foot injuries), OR
There are three x-ray views in a complete ankle series: anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and oblique (or "mortise view"). The mortise view is an AP x-ray taken with the ankle internally rotated 15-20 degrees since the foot is naturally externally rotated relative to the ankle. [9]
Weight-bearing lateral X-ray showing the measurement of calcaneal pitch, which is an angle of the calcaneus and the inferior aspect of the foot, with different sources giving different reference points. [18] Calcaneal pitch is increased in pes cavus, with cutoffs ranging from 20° to 32°. [17]
The navicular bone is a keystone of the foot: it is part of the coxa pedis and articulates with the talus, first, second and third cuneiform, cuboid and calcaneus. It plays an important role in the biomechanics of the foot, helping in inversion, eversion, and motion; it is a structural link between midfoot and forefoot and it is part of the ...
The Angle of Gissane, or "Critical Angle", is the angle formed by the downward and upward slopes of the calcaneal superior surface. On a lateral radiograph, an angle of Gissane > 130° suggests fracture of the posterior subtalar joint surface. Böhler's angle, or the "Tuber Angle", is another normal anatomic landmark seen in lateral radiographs.
These leg bones have two prominences (the lateral and medial malleoli) that articulate with the talus. At the foot end, within the tarsus, the talus articulates with the calcaneus (heel bone) below, and with the curved navicular bone in front; together, these foot articulations form the ball-and-socket-shaped talocalcaneonavicular joint.
Calcaneal spurs are typically detected by x-ray examination. [2] It is a form of exostosis. When a foot is exposed to constant stress, calcium deposits build up on the bottom of the heel bone. Generally, this has no effect on a person's daily life.