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[1] [2] [3] Introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, a Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. [4] Lewis structures extend the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.
Dichlorine monoxide is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula Cl 2 O. It was first synthesised in 1834 by Antoine Jérôme Balard, [2] who along with Gay-Lussac also determined its composition. In older literature it is often referred to as chlorine monoxide, [3] which can be a source of confusion as that name now refers to the ClO ...
Chlorine perchlorate is a chemical compound with the formula Cl 2 O 4. This chlorine oxide is an asymmetric oxide, with one chlorine atom in +1 oxidation state and the other +7, with proper formula ClOClO 3. It is produced by the photodimerization of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) at room temperature by 436 nm ultraviolet light: [2] [3] [4] 2ClO 2 ...
The hydrogen fluoride, HF, molecule is polar by virtue of polar covalent bonds – in the covalent bond electrons are displaced toward the more electronegative fluorine atom. The ammonia molecule, NH 3, is polar as a result of its molecular geometry. The red represents partially negatively charged regions.
There are more complex chemical compounds, the structure of which can only be explained using modern quantum chemical methods, for example, cluster technetium chloride [(CH 3) 4 N] 3 [Tc 6 Cl 14], in which 6 of the 14 chlorine atoms are formally divalent, and oxidation states are fractional.
Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N), and sulfoxides (S=O). In a skeletal formula, a double bond is drawn as two parallel lines (=) between the two connected atoms; typographically, the equals sign is used for this. [1] [2] Double bonds were introduced in chemical notation by Russian chemist Alexander Butlerov.
In 1835, the French chemist Auguste Laurent recognised chloroform as CCl 2 • HCl (then written as C 8 Cl 8 • H 4 Cl 4) [a] in his paper on analysing some organohalides. Laurent also predicted a compound seemingly consisting of 2 parts dichlorocarbene which he named Chlorétherose (possibly Tetrachloroethylene, which was not known to exist at the time.) [8]
The tetrahedral structure for TiCl 4 is consistent with its description as a d 0 metal center (Ti 4+) surrounded by four identical ligands. This configuration leads to highly symmetrical structures, hence the tetrahedral shape of the molecule. TiCl 4 adopts similar structures to TiBr 4 and TiI 4; the three compounds share many similarities.