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Childbirth, also known as labour, parturition and delivery, is the completion of pregnancy where one or more babies exits the internal environment of the mother via vaginal delivery or caesarean section. [7]
A spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) occurs when a pregnant woman goes into labor without the use of drugs or techniques to induce labor and delivers their baby without forceps, vacuum extraction, or a cesarean section. [1] An induced vaginal delivery is a delivery involving labor induction, where drugs or manual techniques are used to initiate ...
In obstetrics a trial of labour is the conduction of spontaneous labour in a moderate degree of cephalopelvic disproportion. [1] [2] It is performed under close observation by an obstetrician in order to assess a woman's chances of a successful vaginal birth. [3]
Obstructed labor is more common in humans than any other species and continues to be a main cause of birth complications today. [12] Modern humans have morphologically evolved to survive as bipeds, however, bipedalism has resulted in skeletal changes that have consequently narrowed the pelvis and the birth canal. [ 13 ]
Labor induction is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth and delivery. Inducing (starting) labor can be accomplished with pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical methods. In Western countries, it is estimated that one-quarter of pregnant women have their labor medically induced with drug treatment. [1]
Pregnancy itself is a factor of hypercoagulability (pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability), as a physiologically adaptive mechanism to prevent post partum bleeding. [41] However, when combined with an additional underlying hypercoagulable states, the risk of thrombosis or embolism may become substantial.
Prolonged labor is the inability of a woman to proceed with childbirth upon going into labor. [1] Prolonged labor typically lasts over 20 hours for first time mothers, and over 14 hours for women that have already had children. [1] Failure to progress can take place during two different phases; the latent phase and active phase of labor. [1]
Braxton Hicks contractions are often confused for labor. Braxton Hicks contractions allow the pregnant woman's body to prepare for labor. [1] However, the presence of Braxton Hicks contractions does not mean a woman is in labor or even that labor is about to commence. [1] Another common cause of pain in pregnancy is round ligament pain. Table 1.