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The conventional definition of the spin quantum number is s = n / 2 , where n can be any non-negative integer. Hence the allowed values of s are 0, 1 / 2 , 1, 3 / 2 , 2, etc. The value of s for an elementary particle depends only on the type of particle and cannot be altered in any known way (in contrast to the spin ...
The excitation temperature can even be negative for a system with inverted levels (such as a maser). In observations of the 21 cm line of hydrogen , the apparent value of the excitation temperature is often called the "spin temperature".
Electrons are affected by two thermodynamic forces [from the charge, ∇(E F /e c) where E F is the Fermi level and e c is the electron charge and temperature gradient, ∇(1/T)] because they carry both charge and thermal energy, and thus electric current j e and heat flow q are described with the thermoelectric tensors (A ee, A et, A te, and A ...
[5] In fact, if the ground-state energy behaves proportional to for some , then pouring two glasses of water would provide an energy proportional to () = (), which is enormous for large . A system is called stable of the second kind or thermodynamically stable when the free energy is bounded from below by a linear function of N {\displaystyle N} .
The spin magnetic moment is intrinsic for an electron. [3] It is = . Here S is the electron spin angular momentum. The spin g-factor is approximately two: . The factor of two indicates that the electron appears to be twice as effective in producing a magnetic moment as a charged body for which the mass and charge distributions are identical.
Spin quantum numbers apply also to systems of coupled spins, such as atoms that may contain more than one electron. Capitalized symbols are used: S for the total electronic spin, and m S or M S for the z-axis component. A pair of electrons in a spin singlet state has S = 0, and a pair in the triplet state has S = 1, with m S = −1, 0, or +1.
The spin Nernst effect is a phenomenon of spin current generation caused by the thermal flow of electrons or magnons in condensed matter. Under a thermal drive such as temperature gradient or chemical potential gradient, spin-up and spin-down carriers can flow perpendicularly to the thermal current and towards opposite directions without the application of a magnetic field.
On many experimental sites it is reported that the thrust effect of a lifter is actually a bit stronger when the small electrode is the positive one. [1] This is possibly an effect of the differences between the ionization energy and electron affinity energy of the constituent parts of air; thus the ease of which ions are created at the 'sharp ...