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2. Keystone (architecture) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)

   The keystone (shown in red) of an arch Dropped keystone at Colditz Castle. A keystone (or capstone) is the wedge-shaped stone at the apex of a masonry arch or typically round-shaped one at the apex of a vault. In both cases it is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch or vault to ...

3. Retaining wall - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall

   A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall; however, the term usually refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. [2] These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade on the opposite side.

4. Mechanically stabilized earth - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth

   The wall face is often of precast, segmental blocks, panels or geocells that can tolerate some differential movement. The walls are infilled with granular soil, with or without reinforcement, while retaining the backfill soil. Reinforced walls utilize horizontal layers typically of geogrids. The reinforced soil mass, along with the facing ...

5. Corbel arch - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbel_arch

   For the sake of comparison, a semicircular arch with wedge-shaped voussoirs maintained by a central keystone ("true arch"). A corbel arch (or corbeled / corbelled arch ) is an arch -like construction method that uses the architectural technique of corbeling to span a space or void in a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span ...

6. Tieback (geotechnical) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)

   Typically in the form of a horizontal wire or rod, or a helical anchor, a tieback is commonly used along with other retaining systems (e.g. soldier piles, sheet piles, secant and tangent walls) to provide additional stability to cantilevered retaining walls. [1]

7. Revetment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetment

   Asphalt and sandbag revetment with a geotextile filter. A revetment in stream restoration, river engineering or coastal engineering is a facing of impact-resistant material (such as stone, concrete, sandbags, or wooden piles) applied to a bank or wall in order to absorb the energy of incoming water and protect it from erosion.