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Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. [citation needed] Carnosine was discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich. [1] Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver [2] from beta-alanine and histidine.
Carnosine and metabolic derivatives of carnosine, including NAC, are found in a variety of tissues but particularly muscle tissue. [1] These compounds have varying degrees of activity as free radical scavengers. [1] It has been suggested that NAC is particularly active against lipid peroxidation in the different parts of the lens in the eye. [3]
The first reaction of the carnitine shuttle is a two-step process catalyzed by a family of isozymes of acyl-CoA synthetase that are found in the outer mitochondrial membrane, where they promote the activation of fatty acids by forming a thioester bond between the fatty acid carboxyl group and the thiol group of coenzyme A to yield a fatty acyl ...
Serum carnosinase: [14] This is the carnosinase found in the blood plasma. Deficiency of this form of carnosinase, along with carnosinuria ("carnosine in the urine"), is the usual metabolic indicator of systemic carnosinase deficiency. [3] [8] [17] Serum carnosinase is a glycoprotein, and splits free carnosine and anserine in the blood. [11]
Acetyl-L-carnitine, ALCAR or ALC, is an acetylated form of L-carnitine.It is naturally produced by the human body, and it is available as a dietary supplement. Acetylcarnitine is broken down in the blood by plasma esterases to carnitine which is used by the body to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria for breakdown and ener
Histidine ball and stick model spinning. Histidine (symbol His or H) [2] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH 3 + form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO − form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially ...
Carnosine synthase (EC 6.3.2.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + phosphate + carnosine The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP , L-histidine , and beta-alanine , whereas its 3 products are ADP (previously thought to form AMP [ 1 ] ), diphosphate ...
Anserine is a derivative of carnosine, which has been methylated. [2] Both anserine and carnosine chelate copper. [3] Due to its methylation, anserine is more stable in serum and resistant to degradation than carnosine. [4] Anserine can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals and birds. [2]