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Rank was determined by merit, through the civil service examinations, and education became the key for social mobility. [2] After the fall of the Han Dynasty, the nine-rank system was established during the Three Kingdoms period. The concept of a merit system spread from China to British India during the 17th century, and then into continental ...
There are three categories of U.S. federal employees: [5] The competitive service includes the majority of civil service positions, meaning employees are selected based on merit after a competitive hiring process for positions that are open to all applicants.
The competitive service is a part of the United States federal government civil service. Applicants for jobs in the competitive civil service must compete with other applicants in open competition under the merit system administered by the Office of Personnel Management , unlike applicants in the excepted service and Senior Executive Service .
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act provided for the selection of some government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote these government officials for political reasons and created the United States Civil Service Commission to enforce the merit ...
Advancement beyond the top grade (to either a managerial or technical specialty position) would be subject to competitive selection. Not all positions, however, provide for such a "career ladder," thus requiring employees who seek advancement to consider other career paths, either within their agency or outside it.
While the promotion system is predictable, it allows the services little flexibility to reward and manage its top performers. [15] According to author and economist Tim Kane , DOPMA is "the root of all evil in this ecosystem" and binds the military into a system that honors seniority over individual merit.
The merit system is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job. A common conception of the federal government's merit system principles is that they are designed to ensure fair and open recruitment and competition and employment practices free of political influence or other non-merit factors.
Most civilian positions in the federal government of the United States are part of the competitive service, where applicants must compete with other applicants in open competition under the merit system administered by the Office of Personnel Management. However, some positions are excluded from these provisions, and some agencies are composed ...