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English: The number on the rim of the node circle indicates an order of an element the node represents. Node's colour marks conjugacy class of element with exception that elements of group's center have the same colour (light gray) despite every one of them being of its own conjugacy class of one element.
Order p 2: There are just two groups, both abelian. Order p 3: There are three abelian groups, and two non-abelian groups. One of the non-abelian groups is the semidirect product of a normal cyclic subgroup of order p 2 by a cyclic group of order p. The other is the quaternion group for p = 2 and a group of exponent p for p > 2.
An abelian group is called torsion-free if every non-zero element has infinite order. Several classes of torsion-free abelian groups have been studied extensively: Free abelian groups, i.e. arbitrary direct sums of ; Cotorsion and algebraically compact torsion-free groups such as the -adic integers
A free module is a module that can be represented as a direct sum over its base ring, so free abelian groups and free -modules are equivalent concepts: each free abelian group is (with the multiplication operation above) a free -module, and each free -module comes from a free abelian group in this way. [21]
Dedekind and Baer have shown (in the finite and respectively infinite order case) that every Hamiltonian group is a direct product of the form G = Q 8 × B × D, where B is an elementary abelian 2-group, and D is a torsion abelian group with all elements of odd order. Dedekind groups are named after Richard Dedekind, who investigated them in ...
Here, Z/pZ denotes the cyclic group of order p (or equivalently the integers mod p), and the superscript notation means the n-fold direct product of groups. [2] In general, a (possibly infinite) elementary abelian p-group is a direct sum of cyclic groups of order p. [4] (Note that in the finite case the direct product and direct sum coincide ...
the quasidihedral group of order 16; the Iwasawa group of order 16; If a given group is a semidirect product, then there is no guarantee that this decomposition is unique. For example, there is a group of order 24 (the only one containing six elements of order 4 and six elements of order 6) that can be expressed as semidirect product in the ...
The free abelian group on S can be explicitly identified as the free group F(S) modulo the subgroup generated by its commutators, [F(S), F(S)], i.e. its abelianisation. In other words, the free abelian group on S is the set of words that are distinguished only up to the order of letters. The rank of a free group can therefore also be defined as ...