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Two children at a playground talking and demonstrating a positive attitude. An attitude "is a summary evaluation of an object of thought. An attitude object can be anything a person discriminates or holds in mind". [1]: 13 Attitudes include beliefs , emotional responses and behavioral tendencies (intentions, motivations). In the classical ...
Agents' emotions can have effects on four broad sets of factors: Emotions of other persons; Inferences of other persons; Behaviors of other persons; Interactions and relationships between the agent and other persons. Emotion may affect not only the person at whom it was directed, but also third parties who observe an agent's emotion.
An emotional expression is a behavior that communicates an emotional state or attitude. It can be verbal or nonverbal , and can occur with or without self-awareness . Emotional expressions include facial movements like smiling or scowling , simple behaviors like crying , laughing , or saying " thank you ," and more complex behaviors like ...
Emotion is a cognitive experience innate to humans. Basic emotions such as joy, distress, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust are common to all cultures, though social norms regarding the expression of emotion may vary. Other emotions come from higher cognition, such as love, guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride, envy, and jealousy.
Research on emotions reveals the strong presence of cross-cultural differences in emotional reactions and that emotional reactions are likely to be culture-specific. [138] In strategic settings, cross-cultural research on emotions is required for understanding the psychological situation of a given population or specific actors.
Dating back to the 1940s and 1950s, Magda Arnold took an interest in researching the appraisal of emotions accompanying general arousal. Specifically, Arnold wanted to "introduce the idea of emotion differentiation by postulating that emotions such as fear, anger, and excitement could be distinguished by different excitatory phenomena" (Arnold, 1950). [5]
The largest piece of evidence that disputes the universality of emotions is language. Differences within languages directly correlate to differences in emotion taxonomy. Languages differ in that they categorize emotions based on different components. Some may categorize by event types, whereas others categorize by action readiness.
Attitudes are associated beliefs and behaviors towards some object. [1] [2] They are not stable, and because of the communication and behavior of other people, are subject to change by social influences, as well as by the individual's motivation to maintain cognitive consistency when cognitive dissonance occurs—when two attitudes or attitude and behavior conflict.