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Democratic socialism is a left-wing [1] economic and political philosophy that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, [2] with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-management [3] within a market socialist, decentralised planned, or democratic centrally planned ...
Representative democracy can be organized in different ways including both parliamentary and presidential systems of government. Elected representatives typically form a legislature (such as a parliament or congress), which may be composed of a single chamber (unicameral), two chambers (bicameral), or more than two chambers (multicameral).
A direct democracy, or pure democracy, is a type of democracy where the people govern directly, by voting on laws and policies. It requires wide participation of citizens in politics. [ 4 ] Athenian democracy , or classical democracy, refers to a direct democracy developed in ancient times in the Greek city-state of Athens.
Although social democracy originated as a revolutionary socialist or communist movement, [52] one distinction between democratic socialism and social democracy is that the former can include revolutionary means. [122] The latter proposes representative democracy under the rule of law as the only acceptable constitutional form of government. [123]
Other cultures, such as the Iroquois in the Americas also developed a form of democratic society between 1450 and 1660 (and possibly in 1142 [67]), well before contact with the Europeans. This democracy continues to the present day and is the world's oldest standing representative democracy. [68] [69]
The doctrine of democratic centralism served as one of the sources of the split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. The Mensheviks supported a looser party discipline within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903 as did Leon Trotsky , in Our Political Tasks , [ 7 ] although Trotsky joined ranks with the Bolsheviks in 1917.
President Joe Biden tried to shape the midterm elections not as a verdict on his time in office, but rather on the contrast between Democrats and Republicans on American democracy. In states such ...
Yael Tamir has argued that the differences between ethnic and civic nationalism are blurred. She posits: "By waving the civic flag, Western democracies pretend to be more peaceful and inclusive than they really are, fostering a self-image that allows them to exonerate themselves, leaving them unprepared to deal with internal conflicts".