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Refraction at interface. Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength (λ) of 589 nanometers.
Absorption of light in water. The refractive index of water at 20 °C for visible light is 1.33. [1] The refractive index of normal ice is 1.31 (from List of refractive indices). In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with real and imaginary parts, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular ...
Anthracene is a wide band-gap organic semiconductor, with an emission spectrum peaking between 400 nm and 440 nm. Organic field-effect transistors have been constructed from it. In particle physics , it is used as a scintillator to detect high-energy photons , electrons , or alpha particles . [ 28 ]
As an example, water has a refractive index of 0.999 999 74 = 1 − 2.6 × 10 −7 for X-ray radiation at a photon energy of 30 keV (0.04 nm wavelength). [21] An example of a plasma with an index of refraction less than unity is Earth's ionosphere.
The blurriness is reduced by a factor equal to the refractive index of the medium. For example, for water immersion using ultraviolet light at 193 nm wavelength, the index of refraction is 1.44. [3] The resolution enhancement from immersion lithography is about 30–40% depending on materials used.
In the near-infrared range liquid water has absorption bands around 1950 nm (5128 cm −1), 1450 nm (6896 cm −1), 1200 nm (8333 cm −1) and 970 nm, (10300 cm −1). [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 15 ] The regions between these bands can be used in near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the spectra of aqueous solutions, with the advantage that glass is ...
In optics, Cauchy's transmission equation is an empirical relationship between the refractive index and wavelength of light for a particular transparent material. It is named for the mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who originally defined it in 1830 in his article "The refraction and reflection of light". [1]
A reference wavelength of 589.3 nm (the sodium D line) is most often used. Though RI is a dimensionless quantity, it is typically reported as nD20 (or n 20 D ), where the "n" represents refractive index, the "D" denotes the wavelength, and the 20 denotes the reference temperature. Therefore, the refractive index of water at 20 degrees Celsius ...