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Electromigration (red arrow) is due to the momentum transfer from the electrons moving in a wire. Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms.
Black's Equation is a mathematical model for the mean time to failure (MTTF) of a semiconductor circuit due to electromigration: a phenomenon of molecular rearrangement (movement) in the solid phase caused by an electromagnetic field. The equation is: [1] = ()
The Nernst–Planck equation is a conservation of mass equation used to describe the motion of a charged chemical species in a fluid medium. It extends Fick's law of diffusion for the case where the diffusing particles are also moved with respect to the fluid by electrostatic forces.
Feedback-controlled electromigration (FCE) is an experimental technique to investigate the phenomenon known as electromigration. By controlling the voltage applied as the conductance varies it is possible to keep the voltage at a critical level for electromigration .
For example, 5i is an imaginary number, and its square is −25. Zero is considered to be both real and imaginary. [55] implicit function In mathematics, an implicit equation is a relation of the form (, …,) =, where is a function of several variables (often a polynomial).
The convection–diffusion equation can be derived in a straightforward way [4] from the continuity equation, which states that the rate of change for a scalar quantity in a differential control volume is given by flow and diffusion into and out of that part of the system along with any generation or consumption inside the control volume: + =, where j is the total flux and R is a net ...
Tractrix with object initially at (4, 0). Suppose the object is placed at (a, 0) and the puller at the origin, so that a is the length of the pulling thread. (In the example shown to the right, the value of a is 4.)
A translation moves every point of a figure or a space by the same amount in a given direction. In Euclidean geometry, a translation is a geometric transformation that moves every point of a figure, shape or space by the same distance in a given direction.