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Ali, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was the first of the Twelve Imams, and, in the Twelvers view, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Al-Husayn, who was the brother of Al-Hasan.
Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of Husayn Ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan Ibn Ali. [96] The twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and in hiding. [99] The Shi'a Imams are seen as infallible.
A Shi'ah Anthology [3] — by William Chittick, Hossein Nasr and Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i; a brief introduction to exemplary hadith from the 12 Imams. Mir'at al-Uqul (Mirror of the Mind) — by Mohammad Baqir Majlisi is a hadith commentary considered among the most significant commentary on Al-Kafi by the Twelver Shi'a community.
He described the situation and life of each Imam and the circumstances of each of their deaths. He mentioned the disappearance of the last Muhammad al-Mahdi. [4] The work reflects Mufid's perspective on history and hadith rather than theology or philosophy. [5] This book begins by praising Allah, prophet Muhammad and Shia's twelve Imams.
Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia, [10] [11] partly due to a renewed Zaydi opposition. [12] The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son, al-Mu'tamid, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors. [7]
The reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi is the Twelver eschatological belief in the return of their Hidden Imam in the end of time to establish peace and justice on earth. For Twelvers, this would end a period of occultation that began shortly after the death of Hasan al-Askari in 260 AH (873–874 CE), the eleventh Imam.
According to the Hadith of the Twelve Successors, Muhammad said that the Islamic leadership is in Quraysh (i.e. his tribe) and that 12 "imams" (also called "princes" or "caliphs") shall succeed him. [35] [36] [37] Twelver Shias believe in twelve imams. They believe eleven of the imams were killed but that the twelfth imam is still alive.
It is in this sense that the imam is said to be the Proof of God (hujjat Allah), the Vicar of God (khakifat Allah), and the Threshold of God (bab Allah). [97] In particular, as the divinely-sanctioned guide, imam is the highest proof ( hujjat ) of God on Earth and His evidence on the judgement day against those who deny or disobey Him.