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Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity.
In military engineering, earthworks are, more specifically, types of fortifications constructed from soil. Although soil is not very strong, it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used, generating formidable structures. Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moats, sod walls, motte-and-bailey castles, and hill forts.
A soil stockpile is formed with excavated topsoil during the construction of buildings or infrastructure. It is considered to be an important resource in construction and ecology . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Soil is stockpiled for later use in landscaping or restoration of the region following the removal of construction infrastructure. [ 3 ]
Chile Bar Slate company quarry, off of highway CA193 next to the American River near Placerville, California; Limestone quarry near Auburn, California of the Mountain Quarries Company of San Francisco, a subsidiary of Pacific Portland Cement Company, near confluence of the North Fork and the Middle Fork of the American River.
The shoulder blades of deer, split elk antlers, clam shell hoes, and digging sticks were used to loosen the dirt, and baskets holding 35 to 40 pounds were used to carry and distribute the soils in building the earthworks. Archaeologists estimate the total volume of earth in the walls at 553,000 cubic yards (423,000 m 3).
During this phase the coal tipples and railroad tracks were removed from downtown Pikeville, a bridge was constructed across the cut, the river was rerouted, and the former riverbed filled. 5,000,000 cubic yards (3,800,000 m 3) of soil was moved to create 240 acres (0.97 km 2) of available land in downtown at a cost of $22,200,000.