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An enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) is an abnormal communication between the small or large bowel and the skin that allows the contents of the stomach or intestines to leak through an opening in the skin.
In anatomy, a fistula (pl.: fistulas or fistulae /-l i,-l aɪ /; from Latin fistula, "tube, pipe") is an abnormal connection (i.e. tube) joining two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs to each other, often resulting in an abnormal flow of fluid from one space to the other.
Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. [2] Complications include a painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis. Perforation may be caused by trauma, bowel obstruction, diverticulitis, stomach ulcers, cancer, or infection. [2]
An aortoenteric fistula is a connection between the aorta and the intestines, stomach, or esophageus. [1] There can be significant blood loss into the intestines resulting in bloody stool and death. [ 1 ]
Once a fistula has formed, a stone may travel from the gallbladder into the bowel and become lodged almost anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. Obstruction occurs most commonly at the near the distal ileum, within 60 cm proximally to the ileocecal valve. [2] [3] Rarely, gallstone ileus may recur if the underlying fistula is not treated. [4]
The human abdomen is divided into quadrants and regions by anatomists and physicians for the purposes of study, diagnosis, and treatment. [1] [2] The division into four quadrants allows the localisation of pain and tenderness, scars, lumps, and other items of interest, narrowing in on which organs and tissues may be involved.
A tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF, or TOF; see spelling differences) is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea. TEF is a common congenital abnormality, but when occurring late in life is usually the sequela of surgical procedures such as a laryngectomy .
A fistula involving the bladder can have one of many specific names, describing the specific location of its outlet: Bladder and intestine: "vesicoenteric", "enterovesical", or "vesicointestinal" [1] [2] [3] Bladder and colon: "vesicocolic" or "colovesical" [4] Bladder and rectum: "vesicorectal" or "rectovesical" [5]