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A drawing by Edward Tyson. Two major concepts of comparative anatomy are: Homologous structures - structures (body parts/anatomy) which are similar in different species because the species have common descent and have evolved, usually divergently, from a shared ancestor. They may or may not perform the same function.
Homologous sequences are paralogous if they were created by a duplication event within the genome. For gene duplication events, if a gene in an organism is duplicated, the two copies are paralogous. They can shape the structure of whole genomes and thus explain genome evolution to a large extent. Examples include the Homeobox genes in animals.
In the horizontal direction, the structures are homologous in their morphology, or anatomy, but different in their function due to differences in habitat. In the vertical direction, the structures are analogous in function due to similar lifestyles of organisms but anatomically different since they are part of different groups.
Diagrams that show the development of male and female organs from a common precursor. Sperm ducts and fallopian tubes are not homologous, as the sperm ducts originate from the Wolffian ducts, whereas the fallopian tubes originate from the Müllerian ducts. Homologous structures in the external genitalia
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Structures called chiasmata are the site of the exchange. Chiasmata physically link the homologous chromosomes once crossing over occurs and throughout the process of chromosomal segregation during meiosis. [7] Both the non-crossover and crossover types of recombination function as processes for repairing DNA damage, particularly double-strand ...
George Ludwig Kobelt, a German anatomist, conducts a study of the clitoris. He wants to demonstrate through his findings that “the female possesses a structure that in all its separate parts is entirely analogous to the male.” Kobelt is the first to draw detailed anatomies of both the internal and external clitoris.
The two pathways for homologous recombination in eukaryotes, showing the formation and resolution of Holliday junctions. The Holliday junction is a key intermediate in homologous recombination, a biological process that increases genetic diversity by shifting genes between two chromosomes, as well as site-specific recombination events involving integrases.