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Aplastic anemia is a rare, noncancerous disorder in which the blood marrow is unable to adequately produce blood cells required for survival. [44] [45] It is estimated that the incidence of aplastic anemia is 0.7–4.1 cases per million people worldwide, with the prevalence between men and women being approximately equal. [46]
The following is a differential diagnosis for patients in which reticulocytopenia is the most marked cytopenia. For conditions that lead to significant reduction in all three cell lineages, see pancytopenia or aplastic anemia. Parvovirus B19 infection [5] Transient Erythroblastopenia of Childhood [4] Pure red cell aplasia [6]
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) or erythroblastopenia refers to a type of aplastic anemia affecting the precursors to red blood cells but usually not to white blood cells. In PRCA, the bone marrow ceases to produce red blood cells. There are multiple etiologies that can cause PRCA. The condition has been first described by Paul Kaznelson in 1922. [1]
The aplastic anemia and immunodeficiency can be treated by bone marrow transplantation. Supportive treatment for gastrointestinal complications and infections. Genetic counselling.
While acquired aplastic anemia with an unknown cause is rare, it is commonly permanent and life-threatening as half of those with this condition die within the first six months. [10] The prevalence of bone marrow failure is over three times higher in Japan and East Asia than in the United States and Europe. [10]
Those with type I Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia often progress to bone marrow failure and aplastic anemia around age 1, while those with type II usually don't develop bone marrow failure or aplastic anemia till age 5. About 90% of those with type II CAMT develop pancytopenia. [3]
Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. [27] Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: D59.0-D59.1: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of hemolytic anemia where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells (RBCs), leading to their destruction .
Aplastic anemia patients present with symptoms related to a decrease in hematopoietic cell production in the bone marrow. The onset is gradual, and the first symptom is frequently anemia or bleeding, though a high temperature or infections may be present at the onset. The following are examples of specific manifestations: [12]