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The symptoms of an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis usually evolve over a period of about 24 hours. Predominant symptoms are nausea and vomiting, pronounced thirst, excessive urine production and abdominal pain that may be severe. [13] [14] In severe DKA, breathing becomes rapid and of a deep, gasping character, called "Kussmaul breathing".
The symptoms of ketoacidosis are variable depending on the underlying cause. The most common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and weakness. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Breath may also develop the smell of acetone as it is a volatile ketone that can be exhaled.
Ketoacidosis is most commonly caused by a deficiency of insulin in type 1 diabetes or late stage type 2 diabetes but can also be the result of chronic heavy alcohol use, salicylate poisoning, or isopropyl alcohol ingestion. [1] [2] Ketoacidosis causes significant metabolic derangements and is a life-threatening medical emergency. [2]
The treatment and recovery phases of diabetic ketoacidosis Volume resuscitation with 0.9% normal saline provides a chloride load, so that infusing more than 3–4L can cause acidosis Hyperalimentation ( i.e. , total parenteral nutrition )
[2] The complications of diabetes can dramatically impair quality of life and cause long-lasting disability. Overall, complications are far less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels. [3] [4] [5] Some non-modifiable risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics may ...
Diabetic ketoacidosis (usually type 1) advanced enough to result in unconsciousness from a combination of a severely increased blood sugar level, dehydration and shock, and exhaustion; Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (usually type 2) in which an extremely high blood sugar level and dehydration alone are sufficient to cause unconsciousness.
In certain situations the main cause is clear. For instance, a diabetic with ketoacidosis is a recognizable case where the main cause of acidemia is essentially obvious. [citation needed] The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the body fluids.
KPD is readily diagnosable because it presents a single characteristic, ketoacidosis, which confirms it as ketosis-prone diabetes. [2] KPD comes in four forms depending upon the presence or absence of β-cell autoantibodies (A+ or A−) and β-cell functional reserve (β+ or β−). [ 3 ]