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Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure ...
They are used as antidote for treating organophosphate insecticide and nerve agent poisoning. [2] Organophosphates are used industrially in agricultural pesticides, and globally as agents of chemical warfare.
Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) or 2-PAM, usually as the chloride or iodide salts, belongs to a family of compounds called oximes that bind to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase. [1] It is used to treat organophosphate poisoning [2] in conjunction with atropine and either diazepam or midazolam. It is a white solid.
Organophosphate poisoning is not common in the developed world. Most cases of terbufos poisoning occur in the developing world, where protection against pesticides is scarce, but compounds such as terbufos are widespread, uncontrolled by a government and readily available for farmers.
Chlorpyrifos is considered moderately hazardous to humans (Class II) by the World Health Organization based on acute toxicity information dating to 1999. [10] Exposure surpassing recommended levels has been linked to neurological effects, persistent developmental disorders, and autoimmune disorders. Exposure during pregnancy may harm the mental ...
In humans, cypermethrin is deactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis to several carboxylic acid metabolites, which are eliminated in the urine. Worker exposure to the chemical can be monitored by measurement of the urinary metabolites, while severe overdosage may be confirmed by quantitation of cypermethrin in blood or plasma.
Obidoxime is a member of the oxime family used to treat organophosphate poisoning. Oximes are drugs known for their ability to reverse the binding of organophosphorus compounds to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). [1] AChE is an enzyme that removes acetylcholine from the synapse after it creates the required stimulation on the next nerve ...
Dichlofenthion is an organophosphate insecticide that has previously been used in various countries for agricultural purposes to control pests. The compound is still persistent in the environment today. Consequently, areas where agricultural practices involve the use of dichlofenthion may pose risks of exposure to humans.