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In mathematics, Legendre polynomials, named after Adrien-Marie Legendre (1782), are a system of complete and orthogonal polynomials with a wide number of mathematical properties and numerous applications. They can be defined in many ways, and the various definitions highlight different aspects as well as suggest generalizations and connections ...
The general Legendre equation reads ″ ′ + [(+)] =, where the numbers λ and μ may be complex, and are called the degree and order of the relevant function, respectively. . The polynomial solutions when λ is an integer (denoted n), and μ = 0 are the Legendre polynomials P n; and when λ is an integer (denoted n), and μ = m is also an integer with | m | < n are the associated Legendre ...
In mathematics, the associated Legendre polynomials are the canonical solutions of the general Legendre equation () + [(+)] =,or equivalently [() ()] + [(+)] =,where the indices ℓ and m (which are integers) are referred to as the degree and order of the associated Legendre polynomial respectively.
Similar formulae hold for many other sequences of orthogonal functions arising from Sturm–Liouville equations, and these are also called the Rodrigues formula (or Rodrigues' type formula) for that case, especially when the resulting sequence is polynomial.
Classical orthogonal polynomials appeared in the early 19th century in the works of Adrien-Marie Legendre, who introduced the Legendre polynomials. In the late 19th century, the study of continued fractions to solve the moment problem by P. L. Chebyshev and then A.A. Markov and T.J. Stieltjes led to the general notion of orthogonal polynomials.
More specifically, they are collocation methods based on the points of Gauss–Legendre quadrature. The Gauss–Legendre method based on s points has order 2s. [1] All Gauss–Legendre methods are A-stable. [2] The Gauss–Legendre method of order two is the implicit midpoint rule. Its Butcher tableau is:
In mathematics, Legendre's formula gives an expression for the exponent of the largest power of a prime p that divides the factorial n!. It is named after Adrien-Marie Legendre . It is also sometimes known as de Polignac's formula , after Alphonse de Polignac .
In mathematics, Legendre's equation is a Diophantine equation of the form: + + = The equation is named for Adrien-Marie Legendre who proved it in 1785 that it is solvable in integers x, y, z, not all zero, if and only if −bc, −ca and −ab are quadratic residues modulo a, b and c, respectively, where a, b, c are nonzero, square-free, pairwise relatively prime integers and also not all ...