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In mathematics, a reciprocity law is a generalization of the law of quadratic reciprocity to arbitrary monic irreducible polynomials () with integer coefficients. Recall that first reciprocity law, quadratic reciprocity, determines when an irreducible polynomial () = + + splits into linear terms when reduced mod .
The sum of the reciprocals of the powerful numbers is close to 1.9436 . [4] The reciprocals of the factorials sum to the transcendental number e (one of two constants called "Euler's number"). The sum of the reciprocals of the square numbers (the Basel problem) is the transcendental number π 2 / 6 , or ζ(2) where ζ is the Riemann zeta ...
Reciprocal polynomials have several connections with their original polynomials, including: deg p = deg p ∗ if is not 0.; p(x) = x n p ∗ (x −1). [2]α is a root of a polynomial p if and only if α −1 is a root of p ∗.
Since by the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, this shows for the n = 2 case that H ≤ G (a property that in fact holds for all n). It also follows that G = A H {\displaystyle G={\sqrt {AH}}} , meaning the two numbers' geometric mean equals the geometric mean of their arithmetic and harmonic means.
While the partial sums of the reciprocals of the primes eventually exceed any integer value, they never equal an integer. One proof [6] is by induction: The first partial sum is 1 / 2 , which has the form odd / even . If the n th partial sum (for n ≥ 1) has the form odd / even , then the (n + 1) st sum is
In mathematics, the harmonic series is the infinite series formed by summing all positive unit fractions: = = + + + + +.. The first terms of the series sum to approximately +, where is the natural logarithm and is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.
For the multiplicative inverse of a real number, divide 1 by the number. For example, the reciprocal of 5 is one fifth (1/5 or 0.2), and the reciprocal of 0.25 is 1 divided by 0.25, or 4. The reciprocal function, the function f(x) that maps x to 1/x, is one of the simplest examples of a function which is its own inverse (an involution).
The reciprocals of prime numbers have been of interest to mathematicians for various reasons. They do not have a finite sum, as Leonhard Euler proved in 1737.. Like rational numbers, the reciprocals of primes have repeating decimal representations.