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An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention, such as surgery. [1] An adverse effect may be termed a " side effect ", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect .
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Most drugs and procedures have a multitude of reported adverse side effects; the information leaflets provided with virtually all drugs list possible side effects. Beneficial side effects are less common; some examples, in many cases of side-effects that ultimately gained regulatory approval as intended effects, are:
Most potential side effects of Cialis are dose-dependent, meaning they become more common at higher doses. Sorry to be a broken record, but only use the dosage of Cialis prescribed to you.
Therapeutic effect refers to the response(s) after a treatment of any kind, the results of which are judged to be useful or favorable. [1] [2] [3] This is true whether the result was expected, unexpected, or even an unintended consequence. An adverse effect (including nocebo) is the converse
Less-common side effects can include excess air or gas in your stomach, burping, heartburn, indigestion, fast heartbeat, low blood sugar, low energy and fatigue, or even gallstones, Dr. Comite says.
In adverse drug reactions involving overdoses, the toxic effect is simply an extension of the pharmacological effect (Type A adverse drug reactions). On the other hand, clinical symptoms of idiosyncratic drug reactions (Type B adverse drug reactions) are different from the pharmacological effect of the drug.
Adverse effects at targets other than those desired for pharmaceutical treatments often occur with drugs that are nonspecific. If a drug can bind to unexpected proteins, receptors, or enzymes that can alter different pathways other than those desired for treatment, severe downstream effects can develop.