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Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. [1] ... Central to environmental economics is the concept of market failure.
The economic value of natural capital and ecosystem services is accepted by mainstream environmental economics, but is emphasized as especially important in ecological economics. Ecological economists may begin by estimating how to maintain a stable environment before assessing the cost in dollar terms.
For example, larger national players such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 2002), European Commission (EU 2005), European Environment Agency (EEA) and the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE) have all recognized that eco-efficiency is a practical approach that businesses should adopt ...
Green growth is a concept in economic theory and policymaking used to describe paths of economic growth that are environmentally sustainable. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] It is based on the understanding that as long as economic growth remains a predominant goal, a decoupling of economic growth from resource use and adverse environmental impacts is ...
Sustainability is regarded as a "normative concept".[5] [22] [23] [2] This means it is based on what people value or find desirable: "The quest for sustainability involves connecting what is known through scientific study to applications in pursuit of what people want for the future."
In their book Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Pearce and Turner explain the shift from the traditional linear or open-ended economic system to the circular economic system (Pearce and Turner, 1990). [41] They describe an economic system where waste at extraction, production, and consumption stages is turned into inputs.
The perpetual resource concept is a complex one because the concept of resource is complex and changes with the advent of new technology (usually more efficient recovery), new needs, and to a lesser degree with new economics (e.g. changes in prices of the material, changes in energy costs, etc.).
The environmental and related social costs to develop the economy are taken into consideration when calculating the green GDP, which can be expressed as: Green GDP = GDP − Environmental Costs − Social Costs [1] where the environmental cost typically qualifies: [2] Depletion value of natural resources, e.g. oil, coal, natural gas, wood, and ...