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In the gas phase, the comproportionation reaction is much faster because of the much higher mobility of the reacting species as illustrated, e.g., in the Claus reaction where H 2 S and SO 2 react together to form elemental sulfur. Various classical comproportionation reactions are detailed in the series of examples here below.
In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two different fragments are joined. Cross-couplings are a subset of the more general coupling reactions. Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. One important reaction type is this:
The Ugi reaction has been applied in combination with an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction [16] in an extended multistep reaction. A reaction in its own right is the Ugi–Smiles reaction with the carboxylic acid component replaced by a phenol. In this reaction the Mumm rearrangement in the final step is replaced by the Smiles rearrangement. [17]
In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (where R = organic group, M = main group centre metal atom) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carbon-carbon bond in the product R-R'. The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. [1] [2] [3]
Using the twenty natural amino acids, for example, in a tripeptide creates 8,000 (20 3) possibilities. Solid-phase methods for small molecules were later introduced and Furka devised a "split and mix" approach [2] [4] In its modern form, combinatorial chemistry has probably had its biggest impact in the pharmaceutical industry. [5]
These strategies can be grouped into approaches for managing reaction sequences. Reaction Sequences: Multistep synthesis involves sequential chemical reactions, each requiring its own work-up to isolate intermediates before proceeding to the next stage. [4] For example, the synthesis of paracetamol typically requires three separate reactions.