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  2. Group-contribution method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group-contribution_method

    The simplest form of a group-contribution method is the determination of a component property by summing up the group contributions : [] = +.This simple form assumes that the property (normal boiling point in the example) is strictly linearly dependent on the number of groups, and additionally no interaction between groups and molecules are assumed.

  3. Non-obviousness in United States patent law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-obviousness_in_United...

    One notable example of this struggle is the positions of Justice Douglas in Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp. [7] in 1950, where he opined that to deserve a patent, an invention "had to serve the end of science—to push back the frontiers of chemistry, physics, and the like"; while two years prior in Funk Bros ...

  4. Tolman's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman's_rule

    Tolman's rule states that, in a certain chemical reaction, the steps involve exclusively intermediates of 18- and 16 electron configuration. The rule is an extension of the 18-electron rule . This rule was proposed by American chemist Chadwick A. Tolman . [ 1 ]

  5. Pushforward measure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushforward_measure

    The previous example extends nicely to give a natural "Lebesgue measure" on the n-dimensional torus T n. The previous example is a special case, since S 1 = T 1. This Lebesgue measure on T n is, up to normalization, the Haar measure for the compact, connected Lie group T n.

  6. Woodward–Hoffmann rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward–Hoffmann_rules

    Thermolysis converts 1 to (E,E) geometric isomer 2, but 3 to (E,Z) isomer 4.. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules (or the pericyclic selection rules) [1] are a set of rules devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann to rationalize or predict certain aspects of the stereochemistry and activation energy of pericyclic reactions, an important class of reactions in organic chemistry.

  7. Forbidden mechanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism

    In spectroscopy, a forbidden mechanism (forbidden transition or forbidden line) is a spectral line associated with absorption or emission of photons by atomic nuclei, atoms, or molecules which undergo a transition that is not allowed by a particular selection rule but is allowed if the approximation associated with that rule is not made. [1 ...

  8. Benson group increment theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_group_increment_theory

    The total calculations add to −5.15 kcal/mol (−21.6 kJ/mol), which is identical to the experimental value, which can be found in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Chemistry WebBook. [15] Diogo and Piedade used BGIT to confirm their results for the heat of formation of benzo[k]fluoranthene.

  9. Reaction progress kinetic analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_progress_kinetic...

    Consider the simple example where the catalyst associates with substrate A, followed by reaction with B to form product, P and free catalyst. Regardless of the approximation applied, multiple independent parameters ( k 1 , k −1 , and k 2 in the case of steady-state; k 2 and K 1 in the case of pre-equilibrium) are required to define the system.