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The World Health Organization published its first laboratory manual for semen analysis in 1980, which sets global standard parameters for the measurement of sperm quality and normality. [20] Limited research in the 1980s found the first indications behind the decline, with links to environmental-toxin exposure and excessive heat in the genital ...
As men age there is a consistent decline in semen quality, and this decline appears to be due to DNA damage. [40] The damage manifests by DNA fragmentation and by the increased susceptibility to denaturation upon exposure to heat or acid, the features characteristic of apoptosis of somatic cells. [41]
A man with poor semen quality will often present with fertility problems which is defined as a couple trying to conceive for over 1 year with no success. [16] Diagnosis can be made from semen analysis , taking a sample of the man's semen and running tests to count numbers and quality of the individual sperm.
Terms oligospermia, oligozoospermia, and low sperm count refer to semen with a low concentration of sperm [1] and is a common finding in male infertility. Often semen with a decreased sperm concentration may also show significant abnormalities in sperm morphology and motility (technically oligoasthenoteratozoospermia ).
An inadequate level of essential trace minerals in the body can further compromise semen quality. A significantly lower zinc plasma concentration value within the semen was observed in infertile males. Supplementation with zinc could benefit sperm quality by increasing the semen volume and improving sperm motility and morphology. [10]
When performing cryopreservation of semen, it is the sperm quality after reviving the sample that is of importance, because many sperm cells die in the process. To be of use in assisted reproductive technology , the sample should after thawing have more than 5 million motile sperm cells per ml with a good grade of mobility.
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Poor diet can otherwise lead to oxidative stress, which causes sperm damage, leading to lower testicular volume and lower sperm quality. Ensuring enough vitamin and mineral intake might also be recommended, since omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, zinc, and selenium might help reduce the damage by oxidative stress and reduce inflammation.