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The Scientology meter was smaller, based on transistors rather than vacuum tubes, and powered by a low-voltage rechargeable battery rather than line voltage. From then on, the E-meter was a required tool for Scientology ministers. The "Hubbard Mark II" E-meter was christened in 1960 and the Hubbard Mark III shortly after. [23]
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The Church of Scientology is hostile to the Free Zone, and refers to such independent Scientologists as "squirrels", In 1983, the Advanced Ability Center was founded by David Mayo in California, but was successfully shut down by the Church of Scientology. Conversely, still operating in 2023 is Ron's Org in Europe, founded in 1984 by Bill ...
While "Scientology" generally refers to the David Miscavige-led Church of Scientology, other groups are practicing Scientology. These groups, collectively known as the Free Zone or as Independent Scientologists, consist of both former members of the Church of Scientology and new followers of the movement.
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The International Association of Scientologists (IAS): The membership organization of scientology—all scientologists are required to be members in order to qualify for discounts on books, meters, and services. It is also a major fundraising organization for scientology that has amassed a war chest to protect scientology.
Some adherents of the belief system of Scientology practice independently in what is often referred to as free zone Scientology. The Church of Scientology organization claims "SCIENTOLOGIST is a collective membership mark indicating membership in a church and church membership services of the affiliated Scientology churches and missions." [1]
After being recognized as a tax-exempt religious organization in 1957, Scientology's tax-exempt status was lost in a 1967 IRS audit. [5] As part of the effort to regain tax exemption during the late 1970s, Scientologists repeatedly infiltrated the IRS, copying large numbers of documents and at one point placing an electronic bugging device in an IRS conference room. [5]