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Sanskrit inherited a pitch accent (see: Vedic accent) from Proto-Indo-European, as well as vowel gradation, both of which, in Sanskrit, just as in the parent language, go hand in hand. As a general rule, a root bearing the accent takes the first (guṇa) or second (vṛddhi) grade, and when unaccented, reduces to zero grade. [34]
As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join as a conjunct consonant or ligature. When Devanāgarī is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words.
Some letters are modified with diacritics: Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called a macron). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . Two letters have an overdot: ṁ and ṅ ( /ŋ/ ).
The table is formed by collating the 36 consonants of Sanskrit plus ळ (which is not used in Sanskrit), as listed in Masica (1991:161–162). Not all of these form conjuncts (these instead show a halanta under the first letter), and the number that do will vary with the Devanagari font installed.
Sanskrit: Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Śiva, Sāmaveda; Hindi: Mahābhārat, Rāmāyaṇ, Śiv, Sāmved; Some words may keep the final a, generally because they would be difficult to say without it: Krishna, Vajra, Maurya; Because of this, some words ending in consonant clusters are altered in various modern Indic languages as such: Mantra=mantar.
Since the vowel is an integral part of the consonants, and given the efficiently compacted, fused consonant cluster morphology for Sanskrit words and grammar, the Brahmi and its derivative writing systems deploy ligatures, diacritics and relative positioning of the vowel to inform the reader how the vowel is related to the consonant and how it ...
In syllable codas consisting of more than one consonant, the weakest consonants are lost without a trace. Then, if there is a long vowel followed by a syllable coda, the long vowel is shortened. The Classical Sanskrit long vowels ē /eː/ and ō /oː/ cannot occur with a consonant coda, so they are shortened to ĕ /e/ and ŏ /o/.
asno law The word-medial sequence *-mn-is simplified after long vowels and diphthongs or after a short vowel if the sequence was tautosyllabic and preceded by a consonant. . The *n was deleted if the vocalic sequence following the cluster was accented, as in Ancient Greek θερμός thermós 'warm' (from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰermnós 'warm'); otherwise, the *m was deleted, as in Sanskrit ...