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If a second-order differential equation has a characteristic equation with complex conjugate roots of the form r 1 = a + bi and r 2 = a − bi, then the general solution is accordingly y(x) = c 1 e (a + bi )x + c 2 e (a − bi )x. By Euler's formula, which states that e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ, this solution can be rewritten as follows:
In mathematics, the characteristic of a ring R, often denoted char(R), is defined to be the smallest positive number of copies of the ring's multiplicative identity (1) that will sum to the additive identity (0). If no such number exists, the ring is said to have characteristic zero.
Characteristic equation may refer to: Characteristic equation (calculus), used to solve linear differential equations; Characteristic equation, the equation obtained by equating to zero the characteristic polynomial of a matrix or of a linear mapping; Method of characteristics, a technique for solving partial differential equations
In mathematics, for a function :, the image of an input value is the single output value produced by when passed .The preimage of an output value is the set of input values that produce .
In algebraic number theory, a Gauss sum or Gaussian sum is a particular kind of finite sum of roots of unity, typically ():= (,) = ()where the sum is over elements r of some finite commutative ring R, ψ is a group homomorphism of the additive group R + into the unit circle, and χ is a group homomorphism of the unit group R × into the unit circle, extended to non-unit r, where it takes the ...
An algebraic equation is an equation involving polynomials, for which algebraic expressions may be solutions. If you restrict your set of constants to be numbers, any algebraic expression can be called an arithmetic expression. However, algebraic expressions can be used on more abstract objects such as in Abstract algebra.