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Several scales have been developed to capture different types of discrimination, with over 90% of scales designed by researchers in the U.S. [25] Racism, for example, is most often measured using the Perceived Racism Scale, the Schedule of Racists Events, the Index of Race Related Stress, and the Racism and Life Experiences Scale. [6] [26]
Tertiary gain, a less well-studied process, is the benefit that a third-party receives from the patient's symptoms. [3] It includes gaslighting wherein a person, such as a family member or healthcare worker for financial or other reasons, manipulates a patient into believing that they are ill.
These tend to occur automatically. Psychological studies have demonstrated that “...persons who do not see themselves as prejudiced will make health care allocation decisions…”. Based on this research, several authors argue that there is an intense need for cultural competence education in healthcare for explicit racism and implicit ...
Indeed, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has acknowledged that social determinants of health, such as housing, education, and employment, are “key drivers of health inequities ...
One of these "pragmatic concerns" included understanding the relational issues that present themselves in the medical and clinical fields, such as the relational "alternatives, development, difficulties, and outcomes" that affected the patients' contentment with their medical interactions—and whether or not, through these interactions, they ...
Cognitive bias modification refers to the process of modifying cognitive biases in healthy people and also refers to a growing area of psychological (non-pharmaceutical) therapies for anxiety, depression and addiction called cognitive bias modification therapy (CBMT). CBMT is sub-group of therapies within a growing area of psychological ...
For example, women might overeat, be more aggressive, make more risky decisions, [78] and show less endurance during physical exercise. [47] The perceived discrimination associated with stereotype threat can also have negative long-term consequences on individuals' mental health.
Stigma by health care professionals has many contributing factors. The first is a well-documented, decades-long lack of education on substance use disorders in many healthcare professions, such as medicine, nursing, and pharmacy.