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There are several approaches to understanding reflections, but the relationship of reflections to the conservation laws is particularly enlightening. A simple example is a step voltage, () (where is the height of the step and () is the unit step function with time ), applied to one end of a lossless line, and consider what happens when the line is terminated in various ways.
At the source end of the transmission line, there may be waves incident both from the source and from the line; a reflection coefficient for each direction may be computed with = = + =, where Zs is the source impedance. The source of waves incident from the line are the reflections from the load end.
These equations can be proved through straightforward matrix multiplication and application of trigonometric identities, specifically the sum and difference identities.. The set of all reflections in lines through the origin and rotations about the origin, together with the operation of composition of reflections and rotations, forms a group.
For example, the point P1 in the example representing a reflection coefficient of has a normalised impedance of = +. To graphically change this to the equivalent normalised admittance point, say Q1, a line is drawn with a ruler from P1 through the Smith chart centre to Q1, an equal radius in the opposite direction.
For example, the shiny surface of an automobile body is illuminated with reflection lines by surrounding the car with parallel light sources. Virtually, a surface can be rendered with reflection lines by modulating the surfaces point-wise color according to a simple calculation involving the surface normal , viewing direction and a square wave ...
A typical example of glide reflection in everyday life would be the track of footprints left in the sand by a person walking on a beach. Frieze group nr. 6 (glide-reflections, translations and rotations) is generated by a glide reflection and a rotation about a point on the line of reflection. It is isomorphic to a semi-direct product of Z and C 2.
The problem comprises drawing lines from two points, meeting at a third point on the circumference of a circle and making equal angles with the normal at that point (specular reflection). Thus, its main application in optics is to "Find the point on a spherical convex mirror at which a ray of light coming from a given point must strike in order ...
p2mm: TRHVG (translation, 180° rotation, horizontal line reflection, vertical line reflection, and glide reflection) Formally, a frieze group is a class of infinite discrete symmetry groups of patterns on a strip (infinitely wide rectangle), hence a class of groups of isometries of the plane, or of a strip.