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It has also been defined as increased amount of saliva in the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva. [4] Hypersalivation can contribute to drooling if there is an inability to keep the mouth closed or difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) the excess saliva, which can lead to excessive spitting.
Saliva is an important component of the taste mechanism. Saliva both interacts with and protects the taste receptors in the mouth. [5] Saliva mediates sour and sweet tastes through bicarbonate ions and glutamate, respectively. [6] The salt taste is induced when sodium chloride levels surpass the concentration in the saliva. [6]
Saliva on a baby's lips. Saliva (commonly referred to as spit or drool) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be extracted), enzymes (such as lipase and amylase), and antimicrobial agents (such as secretory IgA, and lysozymes).
Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes. [1] In type 1 diabetes, there is a lower total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to an autoimmune -induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas .
[2] The function of the salivary glands is to secrete saliva, which has a lubricating function, which protects the mucosa of the mouth during eating and speaking. [2] Saliva also contains digestive enzymes (e.g. salivary amylase), has antimicrobial action, and acts as a buffer. [3]
Obesity has been found to contribute to approximately 55% of cases of type 2 diabetes; [10] chronic obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into type 2 diabetes, [11] most likely because adipose tissue (especially that in the abdomen around internal organs) is a source of several chemical signals, hormones and cytokines, to other tissues.
The disease is characterised by inflammatory changes in the moisture-producing glands throughout the body, leading to reduced secretions from glands that produce saliva, tears and other secretions throughout the body. [8] Primary Sjögren's syndrome is the combination of dry eyes and xerostomia.
Insulin resistance is a common feature of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. For this reason, gluconeogenesis is a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes, such as the antidiabetic drug metformin , which inhibits gluconeogenic glucose formation, and stimulates glucose uptake by cells.
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