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A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. [1] [2] The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis.
When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The translation table list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI. [2]
Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. [75] [76] An example of a variation map is the HapMap being developed by the International HapMap Project.
Ensembl Genomes: provides genome-scale data for bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and invertebrate metazoa, through a unified set of interactive and programmatic interfaces (using the Ensembl software platform) FlyBase: genome of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster; Gene Disease Database
A genome is divided in coding and noncoding regions, and the last step of structural annotation consists in identifying these features within the genome. In fact, the primary task in genome annotation is gene prediction , which is why numerous methods have been developed for this purpose. [ 19 ]
Schematic karyogram showing an overview of the human genome. It shows annotated bands and sub-bands as used in the nomenclature of genetic disorders. It shows 22 homologous chromosomes, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the sex chromosome (bottom right), as well as the mitochondrial genome (to scale at bottom left). [citation needed
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Genetic code logo of the Globobulimina pseudospinescens mitochondrial genome by FACIL. The program is able to correctly infer that the Protozoan Mitochondrial Code is in use. [57] The logo shows the 64 codons from left to right, predicted alternatives in red (relative to the standard genetic code). Red line: stop codons.