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This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons , quarks , gauge bosons and the Higgs boson .
h / 2 m e {\displaystyle h/2m_ {\text {e}}} quantum of circulation. 3.636 947 5467(11) × 10−4 m2⋅s−1. 3.1 × 10−10. [40] μ B = e ℏ / 2 m e {\displaystyle \mu _ {\text {B}}=e\hbar /2m_ {\text {e}}} Bohr magneton. 9.274 010 0657(29) × 10−24 J⋅T−1.
weber per square meter (Wb/m 2) capacitance: farad (F) heat capacity: joule per kelvin (J⋅K −1) constant of integration: varied depending on context speed of light (in vacuum) 299,792,458 meters per second (m/s) speed of sound: meter per second (m/s) specific heat capacity: joule per kilogram per kelvin (J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1)
A physical quantity can be expressed as a value, which is the algebraic multiplication of a numerical value and a unit of measurement. For example, the physical quantity mass, symbol m, can be quantified as m = n kg, where n is the numerical value and kg is the unit symbol (for kilogram). Quantities that are vectors have, besides numerical ...
In August 2018, a Chinese research group announced new measurements based on torsion balances, 6.674 184 (78) × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2 and 6.674 484 (78) × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2 based on two different methods. [45] These are claimed as the most accurate measurements ever made, with standard uncertainties cited as low as ...
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The Lamb shift is a small difference in the energies of the 2 S 1/2 and 2 P 1/2 energy levels of hydrogen, which arises from a one-loop effect in quantum electrodynamics. The Lamb shift is proportional to α 5 and its measurement yields the extracted value: α −1 = 137.0368(7).
Scientists. v. t. e. In quantum physics, a measurement is the testing or manipulation of a physical system to yield a numerical result. A fundamental feature of quantum theory is that the predictions it makes are probabilistic. The procedure for finding a probability involves combining a quantum state, which mathematically describes a quantum ...