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Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). [4] Organophosphates are used as insecticides , medications, and nerve agents . [ 4 ] Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea , vomiting, small pupils , sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion. [ 2 ]
In the treatment of organophosphate toxicity, cholinesterase reactivators such as Pralidoxime reactivate inhibited AChE at peripheral nicotinic receptors.Since AChE mediates effects on both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, cholinesterase reactivators are co-administered with muscarinic antagonists, primarily atropine.
Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) or 2-PAM, usually as the chloride or iodide salts, belongs to a family of compounds called oximes that bind to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase. [1] It is used to treat organophosphate poisoning [2] in conjunction with atropine and either diazepam or midazolam. It is a white solid.
Atropine is not an actual antidote for organophosphate poisoning. However, by blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, atropine also serves as a treatment for poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve agents, such as tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), and VX.
The most common and very specific antidote is atropine, in doses of up to 100 mg daily. Because atropine may also be toxic, it is recommended that small frequently repeated doses be used in treatment. If human poisoning is detected early and the treatment is prompt (atropine and artificial respiration), fatalities are infrequent.
An ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Autoinjector) is any of a variety of autoinjectors in use with the US Armed Forces. An autoinjector is a medical device designed to deliver a single dose of a particular (typically life-saving) drug. Most autoinjectors are spring-loaded syringes. By design, autoinjectors are easy to use and are intended ...
Pralidoxime is often administered in conjunction with atropine to enhance the treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Limitations of Pralidoxime. According to Palaniappen, V. (2013), a study in the management of organophosphorus compound poisoning, [16] the following conclusions can be drawn. Despite observing clear reactivation of red cell ...
In organophosphate poisoning, trihexyphenidyl is a more effective antidote than atropine to counteract the cholinergic crisis, seizures, and neuropathology. [12] Equivocal preliminary results from small studies exist for other dyskinesias, Huntington's chorea, Spasmodic torticollis. [medical citation needed]